There is concern the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 pandemic is having a negative impact on the mental health of the general population through a range of suggested mechanisms: fear, uncertainty, and anxiety; social distancing/isolation; loneliness; and economic repercussions (1–3). Distributors who obtain a majority of their kratom product from Thailand were able to continue typical purchasing levels until February 2020, which resulted in a stockpile due to shop closures related to mandated lock-downs and social distancing. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/faqs-for-oud-prescribing-and-dispensing.pdf (Accessed May19, 2020). Citations (Scopus total) Articles published (total) ... Frontiers in Psychiatry. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. The Journal Impact 2019 of Frontiers in Psychiatry is 3.360, which is just updated in 2020. Singh D, Muller CP, Vicknasingam BK. Impact; Frontiers In and Loop are registered trade marks of Frontiers Media SA. 7. Among polydrug users and those with a history of SUD, kratom has also been consumed as a means of reducing use of or abstaining from dangerous prescription opioids and heroin (9, 10). Journal Impact 2019-20; Frontiers in Psychiatry; Abréviation. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.924085, 24. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Psychiatry, 29 July 2020 Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak (2020). Impact Factor: 2.118 ℹ Impact Factor: 2019: 2.118 The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. Overdose risk for addicted people who are home-isolating, and hence with typically no one to inject them with naloxone, should be considered in a time of overloaded emergency services and healthcare systems in general (27, 29). Still, users were cognizant of the possibility of kratom shortages if the pandemic continues. doi: 10.7326/M20-1210, 41. Coping with the Collision of Public Health Crises: COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders (2020b). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. (2020) 22:19nr02507. Similarly, community pharmacies are challenged by staff shortages, service disorganisation, and self-isolation (27, 29, 32). Conversely, both peer-support groups and rehabilitation facilities have suspended programmes and limited new admissions (27, 32). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry (2006) 21(2):113–8. Recherche Populaire. www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/coronavirus.html. COVID-19-related disruptions in kratom availability may also influence or coerce regular users to try more harmful herbal, synthetic, or plant-based New Psychoactive Substances or even illicit drugs in self-managing their aggravating health conditions (24). doi: 10.1177/0269881119862530, 14. In response to the long-lasting and wide-ranging challenging effects of the pandemic (5, 12, 19, 27, 29), some harm-avoiding interventions have been adopted, including: more flexible take-home-medication treatment programmes for opioid addicted patients (33, 34); guidance for facilitating controlled substance prescribing (26, 29, 35); tele-health for monitoring drug-dependent patients; and access to virtual support groups through online meetings (15, 26, 32). United Nations (UN). Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2020) 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.474 ℹ Five-Year Impact Factor: 2019: 2.474 doi: 10.4088/PCC.19nr02507, 12. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4813-4, 17. 24. It is crucial to strengthen telemedicine and support it with appropriate governance and funding in order to be able to monitor the mental health situation post-pandemic. Motives for using kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045, 29. Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent causative factor. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.012. Walton M, Murray E, Christian MD. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. Impact Factor. Brain Behav Immun (2020) 0889–1591(20):30643–7. Drug Alcohol Depend. Gen Psychiatr (2020) 33(3):e100260. Analysis of Psychological and Sleep Status and Exercise Rehabilitation of Front-Line Clinical Staff in the Fight Against COVID-19 in China. In: Research CfDEa, editor. Brain Behav Immun (2020) 87:100–6. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004, 5. Lancet Psychiatry (2020) 7(6):547–60. This was at least partially due to the import alert issued by FDA in February 2014 which resulted in companies restricting inventory to avoid FDA seizure (19). Stress and sleep: a survey based on wearable sleep trackers among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in-person consultations are still needed for certain groups of patients where maintenance in treatment is at risk. https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/sars-cov-2-stress-management-healthcare-workers (Accessed July 7, 2020). Of concern, some sources have noted increases in unscientific claims made by irresponsible vendors regarding kratom's supposed “anti-coronavirus” properties (23). SC drafted the first version of the manuscript with input from all authors. Telemedicine for COVID-19. Well Being Trust (2020) 8:2020. Zhuo K, Gao C, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang Z. Kruegel AC, Grundmann O. 22. Loop is the open research network that increases the discoverability and impact of researchers and their work. Many users feared that they may not have access to their usual products for the rest of the year. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063512 (Accessed May 25, 2020). The healthcare workers who experienced sleeplessness were also more likely to feel depressed, anxious and have stress-based trauma, according to the paper. doi: 10.1136/ebmental-2020-300155, 4. 15. WHO. Silver Spring, MD: US Food & Drug Administration (2019). 17 Hippocampal Functional Connectivity Mediates the Impact of Acceptance on Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity ... and those of clinical symptom severity, suggesting that experiential acceptance is a protective factor of symptoms or an early indicator of resilience after trauma. Smith KE, Lawson T. Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. High risk of mental illness was previously identified in individuals with existing or history of mental illnesses (1, 9, 12, 14, 19), but also vulnerable categories might be considered the elderly (>80 years old), children/adolescents, individuals from deprived areas, peri-natal women and BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnicities) (1, 12, 14, 19). AG-R serves as a scientific advisor for ETHA Natural Botanicals, a distributor of kratom supplements. Because of its reputed opioid-like psychoactive effects at higher doses, kratom has been regulated in several countries and is subject to an import ban by the US Food and Drug Administration. In such cases, regular kratom users may come to the clinical attention of healthcare professionals, possibly requiring prescribed treatment options in the absence of kratom (e.g., anxiolytics, antidepressants, analgesics, and opioid agonist therapies). A proactive approach to upscale our mental health care, emergency preparedness and response for people with SUDs is urgently needed; mental health services should develop and evaluate: clear remote assessment; care pathways for people at risk; psycho-education strategies, regarding self-harm/suicide, overdoses, and domestic violence; and staff training to support new ways of working (1, 7, 12). Polydrug exposure involving kratom increases the odds ratio of more serious adverse events occurring, including admittance to a healthcare facility and occurrence of more serious medical outcomes such as hepatic damage and death (12, 13). Kratom withdrawal symptoms are similar to those of opioids but with lower severity, presenting with transient gastrointestinal upset, muscle and nerve pain, insomnia, sweating, tremor, fatigue, and psychological distress including restlessness, irritability, increased cravings, depressed mood, and anxiety. Front. Introduction:There is concern the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 pandemic is having a negative impact on the mental health of the general population through a range of suggested mechanisms: fear, uncertainty, and anxiety; social distancing/isolation; loneliness; and economic repercussions (1-3). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic. Few users mentioned increasing their kratom consumption during COVID-19. Gunnell D, Appleby L, Arensman E, Hawton K, John A, Kapur N, et al. According to a recent study from the Well Being Trust (18) the high levels of stress, isolation and unemployment due to the COVID-19 pandemic could cause up to 75,000 “deaths of despair” related to deaths to drug, alcohol, and suicide (18). It will also be important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals if current kratom users circumstantially experience shortages. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/srb_sept2015.pdf (Accessed May19, 2020). NIH Director’s Blog with Dr. Volkow. N Eng J Med (2020). View all We believe that these anecdotal accounts will help researchers identify key areas of focus in the coming year. Klomek AB. Prescribers and pharmacists should be warned about: possible requests to prescribe more drugs than needed to take home; excessive sales of prescription/OTC products which might be diverted and abused; and aggression toward staff. Psychiatry Res (2020) 28:113145. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113145. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration (2020). Similarly, due to COVID-19, manual laborers who were daily wage earners lost their income and could not afford kratom products to self-treat medical conditions. Loop enables you to stay up-to-date with the latest discoveries and news, connect with researchers and form new collaborations. doi: 10.1002/gps.1432, 5. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/mental-health-healthcare.html (Accessed July 7, 2020). Compared with historical Journal Impact data, the Metric 2019 of Frontiers in Psychiatry grew by 10.53% . In line with this, rogue/illicit pharmaceutical products, such as benzodiazepines, has also reportedly doubled their prices in some areas (24). Supply and Use. 3.360 10.53 % 3-année Journal Impact Journal Impact Classement 2020-21 Journal Impact Prédiction. While the ongoing pandemic has created uncertainty among vendors and users about kratom availability, it has not, to date, impacted the actual availability of the product in the US. (2019) 202:24–32. PB provides scientific guidance on dietary supplement manufacture and regulatory compliance to companies, associations, and government and in her capacity as Director of Applied Research at BCIT engages in contract research on medicinal plants, including Kratom. The widespread use of kratom and consistent reports of its benefits or therapeutic value that are important to users raises the question: would sudden decreases in the availability of the plant have negative impacts on kratom users? (2015) 2015:968786. doi: 10.1155/2015/968786, 15. 22. Healthcare Personnel and First Responders: How to Cope with Stress and Build Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020). Import Alert 54-15. (25), among the first-line medical staff of a Tertiary Infectious Disease Hospital for COVID-19 in China, the incidence of anxiety and post traumatic symptoms in female medical staff was higher than that in male, and in nurses more represented than that in doctors (25). “Pharming”: the abuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs in teens. The COVID-19 pandemic is already impacting drug markets, including shortages of numerous types of drugs at the street level, price increases for consumers on the black market and reductions in purity. doi: 10.1177/2048872620922795, 23. (2019) 24:575–7. According to published user surveys, common reasons for kratom use include the self-treatment of acute and chronic pain, psychological distress, mitigation of dependence and/or withdrawal symptoms from an illicit or prescription drug use (7, 9, 15). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union (2020). (2017) 176:63–70. |, https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/srb_sept2015.pdf, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/covid-19-mental-health-campaign-launches, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/mental-health-healthcare.html, https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/sars-cov-2-stress-management-healthcare-workers, www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/coronavirus.html, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/covid-19-and-people-who-use-drugs_en, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063512, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2020/04/21/coping-with-the-collision-of-public-health-crises-covid-19-and-substance-use-disorders/, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acmd-advice-on-covid-19-emergency-legislation-to-enable-supply-of-controlled-drugs, https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/faqs-for-oud-prescribing-and-dispensing.pdf, https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/17/covid-19-will-worsen-the-opioid-overdose-crisis-if-we-dont-prepare-now/, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 6. In an unexpected situation, if there is an imminent increase in kratom fatalities/toxicities arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, enforcement agencies may use the scenario as a precedent to legally or effectively ban kratom use. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Frontiers in Psychiatry Guest Editor Impact Factor = 3.13. STAT. Finally, healthcare workers have been experiencing emotional overload due to several reasons, including both organizational issues relating to the shortage of suitable personal protective equipment, reduction in human resources and relentless work shifts (20–23), but also the burden developed by the fear of becoming infected and infecting relatives, high mortality rates, grieving the loss of patients and colleagues, separation from families (22–24). Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ, Mamun MA. Brain Res Bull. AKA. Henningfield JE, Grundmann O, Babin JK, Fant RV, Wang DW, Cone EJ. When Epidemics Collide: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the Opioid Crisis. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi (2020) 38(3):192–5. 33. Interventions addressing the health, psychological, and social effects of the pandemic are required. ... Frontiers in Psychiatry. Psychiatry Research Impact Factor, IF, number of article, detailed information and journal factor. ), 16. doi: 10.1248/cpb.52.916, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text Google! Malaysia encountered problems obtaining their regular kratom supply directed to Oliver Grundmann, grundman @ ufl.edu abuse... For medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers who experienced sleeplessness were also likely! 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Surge, as supplies are disrupted worldwide ( 2020 ) awareness among healthcare have!, Wessely S, Spiller HA, Chounthirath T, Smith KE, Griffiths RR infectious Disease for...